The report finds that the era of expansion-led growth is over, with Africa’s business leadership class pivoting from growth narrative to institutional proof.

The report brings together insights from 30 senior executives, founders, investors and policymakers, including Omoyemi Akerele, Founder of Lagos Fashion Week; Dr. Beatrice Murage, Global Director of Sustainability and Access to Care, Philips; Steve Cadigan, First CHRO of LinkedIn and Founder of Cadigan Ventures; Amb. Lavina Ramkissoon, Technology Diplomat, African Union; and Dr. Sangu Delle, CEO, CarePoint.

Spanning more than 20 sectors, including financial services, energy, technology, healthcare, infrastructure and the creative economy, the report identifies four structural shifts already shaping capital allocation, regulatory direction, and competitive positioning across African markets.

Key findings from the report include:

Capital is being repriced: Private credit is replacing equity-led growth as the dominant financing model across the continent.

As global venture funding contracts and exits are slowing down, the contributors describe a structural shift: risk is now assessed on cash flow stability and operational resilience, over narrative momentum or market-size projections. Structured debt, revenue-linked instruments, and risk-partitioned facilities are proving more aligned with local operating realities.

For African businesses, the implications are significant. Access to capital now requires demonstrating durable performance, beyond growth potential.

Accurate risk pricing is now foundational to sustainable capital access and is strengthening repayment culture and credibility with mainstream investors.

AI has moved from experiment to infrastructure: Across fintech, energy, healthcare and compliance, AI is no longer a competitive differentiator but an operational backbone. In healthcare, AI is redesigning workflow, triage, and clinical decision support.

In financial services, it is driving fraud detection, credit underwriting, and compliance monitoring. In communications, it is reshaping how organisations manage reputation and reach.

The competitive distinction, the report finds, has shifted from who is experimenting with AI to who has the governance frameworks to deploy it at scale.

Boards are increasingly expected to interrogate explainability, accountability, and automated decision-making as central governance concerns, not technical matters to delegate downward.

Healthcare is being redesigned, not just funded: Africa’s health systems are undergoing a structural shift. The report identifies a decisive move from volume-based to value-based care – away from counting procedures toward measuring outcomes and cost.

At the same time, care delivery is migrating from centralised hospitals toward decentralised networks of outpatient centres, community hubs, and virtual platforms. On financing, impact investment was identified as a catalytic complement to public funding, not a replacement for it.

Governance has moved from policy to proof: ESG, AI ethics, cybersecurity and social performance are converging into a single accountability framework. Boards are now expected to demonstrate institutional integrity, not report on it.

Compliance effectiveness will be judged less by policies produced and more by behaviours evidenced. A policy commitment is a statement. A proof point is an audit trail. For local and global capital alike, the latter is no longer optional.

Speaking on the report, Marcia Ashong-Sam, Founder and CEO, TheBoardroom Africa, remarks,

“Africa’s challenges have always been its most compelling investment case. What is different now is that its leaders are building the institutions to prove it. TheBoardroom Africa exists because the most consequential thinking about this continent rarely makes it into the public conversation. It stays in boardrooms, in investment committees, in the private deliberations of leaders who are too busy building to narrate what they are building. This report changes that.”

As the continent moves from expansion to optimisation, narrative to proof, and pilot to platform, the leaders who will define this next chapter are already in the room.

The report is available for free download here. 

For over a decade, TheBoardroom Africa has been disrupting the executive search and leadership advisory space, partnering with major organisations like MTN Group, Unilever, British International Investment, Mastercard Foundation, International Finance Corporation, and many more.  With over 70% of its leadership community in the C-suite level, a B Corp-certified firm (a designation held by <10,000 companies globally), embodies the institutional accountability it identifies as the measure of Africa’s next generation of credible leadership in its 2026 report.

The funding is expected to scale up the company’s franchise model, boost food security, and help farmers withstand growing climate pressures.

Agriculture is the backbone of Nigeria’s economy, accounting for about 25% of GDP and employing more than 70% of the workforce. However, smallholder farmers, responsible for producing around 70% of the nation’s food, still live below the poverty line, many earning less than $2 daily. 

In northern Nigeria, these challenges are even more severe due to poor soil quality, erratic rainfall, and limited access to modern farming practices.

Babban Gona’s model offers end-to-end support including credit, training, harvest and storage services, as well as market access. In enabling top-performing farmers to run micro-enterprises that distribute inputs and financing to peers, the company has doubled net incomes for many participants compared to the national average. With BII’s backing, Babban Gona aims to reach about 140,000 farmers by 2029.

“Our partnership with Babban Gona is a great example of how BII is using catalytic capital to support innovative, high-impact business models that transform lives and economies,” said Benson Adenuga, BII’s West Africa regional director and head of office for Nigeria. 

“By backing this pioneering franchise model, we are not only addressing a critical financing gap but also helping to build a more resilient and productive agricultural sector and support smallholder farmers in a region that is often overlooked by investors.”

Climate resilience stands at the core of Babban Gona’s approach. The company provides drought-tolerant seeds, climate-smart inputs, and insurance products that shield farmers from extreme weather shocks, essential in a country where floods in 2022 and 2024 destroyed crops and displaced thousands.

Since 2018, Babban Gona has deployed AI tools trained on over two million images to help farmers identify crop diseases with just a smartphone photo. Its offline-enabled mobile apps ensure that even those in remote, low-connectivity areas can benefit. 

The same AI technology is used to support antenatal care for rural women and English literacy programmes for children, expanding its impact beyond agriculture.

Kola Masha, Babban Gona’s managing director, noted how early adoption of AI shaped the company’s global standing. “Our early work in AI enabled us to build very strong relationships in the space,” he said. “We were one of 12 organisations around the world brought into a small monastery in Lake Como with the likes of Nvidia, OpenAI, and Google to think about the role of AI for global development.”

Beyond farming, Babban Gona is experimenting with sustainable transport solutions in rural areas, including two-wheeler e-bikes and charging stations, an initiative Masha describes as building “the equivalent of a Tesla for northern Nigeria.”

BII’s latest investment is a medium to back African agribusiness, following recent commitments to companies like AgDevCo and Johnvents. 

For northern Nigeria’s farmers, however, the impact could be more immediate, with access to finance, tools to survive climate shocks, and a chance to earn a dignified income.

The investment is done alongside the European Bank for Development and Reconstruction, EBRD and British International Investment, BII, securing a major contribution to safeguarding jobs and building resilience in the Ukrainian food- and agri-sectors during the ongoing war.

MHP employs more than 30,000 people in Ukraine, more than 40 percent of them being women. Because of the war, access to international capital markets is limited in Ukraine, even for financially sound companies.

By supporting MHP, an important part of Ukraine’s food industry, and its continued operations, Swedfund, EBRD and BII contribute to Ukraine’s economic resilience and safeguarding much needed local employment- as well as export opportunities.

“The consequences of the war in Ukraine are multi-facetted and by this investment we can maintain employment opportunities, not least for women and veterans, create new jobs, generate tax incomes and export revenues, support local value creation and more sustainable business practices.

This is important to support Ukraine’s economic resilience, says Maria Håkansson, CEO of Swedfund.

The investment is part of a EUR 100 million financing package arranged by EBRD, that has a longstanding relation with MHP. The package includes EUR 40 million from the EBRD, EUR 20 million from Swedfund and EUR 30 million from BII. Swedfund’s share of the loan will be used for production efficiency investments such as equipment for sunflower processing and upgrades of agricultural machinery.

In its capital injection to Swedfund for 2025 the Swedish Government earmarked SEK 500 million for investments in Ukraine. Food systems is one of Swedfund’s prioritised sectors to invest in.

“The investment in MHP is a strategic fit that ticks several boxes for Swedfund. Most importantly it can make an important difference during difficult times. We look forward to under the leadership of EBRD advance the company’s sustainability agenda. We will continue looking for both investment opportunities and public sector projects to support the economic development and reconstruction of Ukraine, says Olena Smyrnova, director and head of Ukraine, Swedfund.

Last year, the UK Prime Minister announced BII would manage a new £100 million Mobilisation Facility to boost the flow of private capital into emerging economies that are considered too risky by global investors.

Today, BII announced that up to £50 million of the facility has been ring-fenced for a groundbreaking new initiative.

BII is partnering with Mercer, a global investment firm, to encourage the asset manager community to develop investment solutions, which will help to unlock private investment into climate related projects in emerging economies. It will also seek to address the gap between the risk appetite and return thresholds of institutional investors.

Emerging economies are expected to play a crucial role in global economic growth. They currently represent over 60 per cent of the world’s GDP and are projected to account for 74 per cent of global energy consumption by 2050.

This creates investment opportunities in sectors like clean energy and infrastructure, offering potential for growth, diversification and impact.

Minister for Development Anneliese Dodds welcomed the initiative:

“Countries exposed to the climate crisis are facing extreme weather events which destabilise economies, hinder growth and displace people. Those countries need urgent access to finance to tackle and adapt to this crisis.

“At the same time UK financial institutions are ideally placed to provide global leadership in climate finance and tap into these emerging markets, generating growth at home and providing much needed finance abroad.

“By bringing together private and public expertise and capital, the UK is leading the world in mobilising the finance countries need to tackle the impacts of the climate crisis.”

Asset Managers in the UK and globally, with a demonstratable track record in climate finance and interest in emerging economies, are invited to submit proposals to partner with BII.

Proposals with a strong potential for accelerating private investment and which demonstrate large-scale climate impact will be granted access to concessional capital of up to £50 million from the facility. They will also have the opportunity to access non-concessional investment funding from BII.

Leslie Maasdorp, BII CEO said:

“BII is the UK’s primary vehicle for delivering climate finance into our markets. But the scale of the climate emergency means we have to unlock the vast pools of capital that are held by private institutions. The partnership we have unveiled today is a truly innovative way of doing that.”

Benoit Hudon, Mercer’s UK President and CEO said: 

“This initiative has the potential to encourage investment into new projects in emerging economies to support their economic development. Mercer will play a key role in identifying innovative asset manager proposals that support the energy transition and address some of the hesitancy institutional investors have about investing in emerging economies.” 

More on Mobilisation Facility initiative, visit BII or Mercer websites. 

Driving financial inclusion and economic growth across Africa, Moniepoint was founded in 2015 by Tosin Eniolorunda and Felix Ike. The fintech, formerly known as TeamApt Inc., offers SMEs an integrated suite of services, including digital payments, bank accounts, credit facilities, and business management tools. 

Moniepoint processes over 1 billion transactions monthly, with a total payment volume of over $22 billion.

With this new investment, Visa aims to strengthen Moniepoint’s vision to digitise business operations and drive SME growth in Africa. Speaking on the partnership, Andrew Torre, regional president for Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa at Visa, said:

“Moniepoint has built an impressive platform that directly addresses the needs of Africa’s SMEs, a critical segment in enabling economic development. By making financial services and digital payments more accessible and efficient, Moniepoint is helping transform how businesses operate in Nigeria and beyond. We are excited to support their next phase of growth and innovation.”

Moniepoint’s Group CEO, Tosin Eniolorunda, stated:

“We are thrilled to announce Visa’s investment in Moniepoint. Visa’s backing is a strong endorsement of our vision to digitise and support African businesses at scale. Together, we aim to deepen financial inclusion, enabling SMEs to access the tools and resources they need to thrive in an increasingly digital economy.”

Moniepoint has grown commendably, with revenues increasing by over 150% annually in recent years. Its initiative to bridge the financial inclusion gap aligns with Visa’s mission of enabling businesses to thrive in a digital economy. 

The partnership will leverage Moniepoint’s local expertise and Visa’s global resources to enhance digital payment infrastructure, expand access to financial services, and promote innovation for SMEs across Africa.

Visa joins a group of investors, including Google’s Africa Investment Fund, Development Partners International, and British International Investment, all supporting Moniepoint’s mission of creating a financially inclusive society.

The combination of their strengths will enable Moniepoint and Visa to boost African fintech, ensuring SMEs across the continent can scale without limitations and contribute to long-term economic prosperity.

• Following the successful launch of the first green basket bond in 2022, the new issuance will increase financing to small-scale green projects and businesses, funded through micro, small and medium enterprise (MSME) lenders across Africa, South and South-East Asia.
• The programme will have a greater focus on India supporting the country’s energy transition goals.
• In addition, over USD 460,000 will be provided by British International Investment’s Technical Assistance facility to enable the MSME lenders to further develop their climate financing expertise.

British International Investment (BII), the UK’s development finance institution (DFI) and impact investor, has committed USD 75 million to the second Green Basket Bond arranged by Symbiotics Investments, a leading emerging markets access platform and financial lender.

The green lending programme will increase financing to small-scale green projects across Africa, South and South-East Asia through MSME lenders, with a particular focus on India. It will support new MSME lenders not included in the first Green Basket Bond.

Following the success of the first Green Basket Bond issued in 2022, this programme will continue to leverage Symbiotics’ global network, and BII’s 76-year track record as an impact investor, to support an additional 10 – 15 MSME lenders who require smaller investment capital than BII is typically able to fund directly.

The MSME lenders will direct their lending to small businesses that usually find it difficult to access funding, and even more so for green projects.

As with the first green basket bond, funding will be provided to green projects that span renewable energy, energy efficiency, clean transportation, green buildings, agriculture, forestry and more.

Samir Abhyankar, the managing director and head of Financial Services, British International Investment, said:

“Partnering with Symbiotics on a second green basket bond signifies a continued commitment to empowering smaller financial institutions and supporting sustainable development in climate-vulnerable regions. Channelling capital to where it is most needed, not only supports local businesses and projects but also contributes to global efforts in building resilience against climate change.

The expansion of this programme is a testament to the positive impact and success of the initial partnership. We look forward to continuing working with Symbiotics to further efforts to mobilise more private capital into this space.”

Yvan Renaud, CEO of Symbiotics Investments, added:

“We are very grateful to British International Investment for partnering with Symbiotics on this second green basket bond. We share the view that financing dedicated MSME lenders and reaching smaller local businesses and projects strongly contributes to the effectiveness of climate finance. We hope that this second green basket bond will have a catalytic effect on the mobilisation of capital for similar projects that play a key role in successfully tackling climate change and its consequences.”

The first Green Basket Bond supported 11 MSME lenders in India, Vietnam, Cambodia, Tunisia, Botswana, Kenya, Bangladesh and Nepal.

This Green Basket Bond issuance contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 7) on Affordable and Clean Energy and (SDG 13) on Climate Action.

• The facility targets underserved African markets such as Benin, Cameroon, Tanzania and Uganda.
• The funding helps to accelerate the flow of key agricultural commodities, and use of machinery and solutions that strengthen food security in vulnerable economies.
• This initiative seeks to address the lack of liquidity among Africa’s commercial banks.

British International Investment (BII), the UK’s development finance institution and impact investor, Wednesday announced the signing of a $100 million risk-sharing facility with Citi to support the trade finance needs of SMEs and corporates in frontier and emerging African economies.

The initiative was announced during a signing ceremony in Washington at the World Bank’s Spring Meetings and is expected to provide a boost to businesses with high-potential but limited by a lack of finance.

The investment seeks to address the critical lack of foreign currency in the region by providing trade finance liquidity to Citi’s extensive network of commercial banks, enabling financial institutions to increasingly support African businesses with imports of key commodities such as wheat, fertiliser, rice and sugar.

The BII and Citi facility will help local businesses in underserved markets to finance the import of economically productive goods, transport, essential equipment and machinery supporting the emergence of manufacturing industries in frontier and emerging economies, including Benin, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia.

The funding comes as local businesses struggle to secure key imports due to challenges precipitated by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war, which have led to high inflation, rising interest rates and an increase in commodity prices.

As a result, the trade finance gap in Africa has increased by approximately a third since the onset of the pandemic, climbing from $81 billion in 2019 to $120 billion in 2023.

BII has supported businesses in Africa since 1948 and Citi opened its first office in the continent in 1920.

The new facility leverages their combined expertise and will potentially deepen Citi’s relationships with over 200 local banks who in turn can empower ambitious companies facing severe funding constraints in harder-to-reach markets.

Andrew Mitchell, the UK’s Minister for Development and Africa, said:

“This investment underlines BII’s commitment to supporting fragile economies across Africa in accessing vital goods to support food production, including fertiliser and agricultural machinery. By investing in countries where support is most needed, BII continues to take a lead in the fight against food insecurity.”

Nick O’Donohoe, CEO, British International Investment, said:

“Our investment with Citi deepens BII’s footprint across the continent and supports local businesses struggling to maintain and expand operations due to a lack of capital. The facility is testament to our commitment to tackle complex issues such as food security in Africa by extending liquidity solutions to strategic sectors. This empowers local businesses to strengthen supply chains and accelerate the flow of essential trade.”

Stephanie von Friedeburg, head of DFI Strategic Partnerships, Citi, said:

“Citi is proud to work with BII in seeking to strengthen trade, and food security in frontier and emerging African economies. Today’s announcement brings together BII’s long history of support in the region, with Citi’s unique cross-border vantage point. At Citi, we understand the transformative potential of global trade and are committed to bringing solutions that facilitate critical investments to enable economic growth.”

This investment contributes to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2 and 8, No Poverty, Zero Hunger, and Decent Work & Economic Growth.

British International Investment (BII), the UK’s development finance institution (DFI) and impact investor, today announced a EUR 20 million commitment to The Urban Resilience Fund (TURF), launched by Meridiam. The investment is the DFI’s first investment in an urban infrastructure fund and supports the design and scale of climate-focussed infrastructure projects across sub-Saharan Africa – increasing the affordability, safety, reliability, and climate-resilience of public infrastructure in African cities.

Meridiam is an infrastructure specialist with global expertise in developing, financing, and long-term management of sustainable public infrastructure in Africa. Through the fund, they will target infrastructure investments aligned with sustainability goals, such as energy efficiency and carbon capture. The Fund will invest in:

• Urban mobility such as bus rapid transit and modern cable cars.
• Energy transition including micro grids management.
• Built community environments such as innovative smart city solutions, street lighting, and electric vehicle charging.
• Waste management systems.

BII has been an active partner to Meridiam over the years having also invested in their previous two funds – MIAF I and MIAF II which successfully invested across major greenfield and brownfield infrastructure projects. This included two solar parks in Senegal that deliver a combined 60MW of reliable electricity to households and industry, increasing firm productivity, facilitating economic growth and job creation.

This latest transaction reflects the companies’ joint vision to invest in low-carbon, climate-smart solutions for municipal environments experiencing the pressures of rapid urbanisation. Africa’s cities are the fastest-growing cities in the world; and while they pose challenges with insufficient infrastructure, pollution and congestion, the lack of existing development presents the opportunity to create exemplars of green public infrastructure.

The investment from BII helps contribute to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals on industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9); on sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), and on climate action (SDG 13).

Andrew Mitchell, Minister of State for Development and Africa said:

The UK is committed to supporting the development and climate-resilience of infrastructure services in African cities. I am pleased to see British International Investment commit to this Fund and we are confident that their involvement will help attract much needed additional funding from the private sector in support of vital, clean and green infrastructure in the region.” 

Holger Rothenbusch, Head of Infrastructure and Climate, BII added:

“We are delighted to be an anchor investor in Meridiam’s latest fund and will be supporting Meridiam in its efforts to reach its first close. The Fund will deliver clear benefits to local communities at a time when there has never been a more urgent need to invest in sustainable infrastructure to increase climate resilience. This Fund is a ‘first-of-its-kind’ in the market and will contribute to creating progressive solutions that ensure that citizens benefit from the rapid urbanisation taking place in African cities.”

Mathieu Peller, Partner and Deputy CEO, Meridiam commented:

“We are very pleased with the longstanding support from BII across our various African strategies. BII’s investment in TURF is a key milestone in our partnership to deliver sustainable and impactful infrastructure projects which are needed by cities throughout the continent.  TURF will be essential in addressing the multiple resilience challenges faced by cities, such as climate change, sustainable resource management and social inclusion.”

Chris Chijiutomi joined BII in 2017 as Investment Director in the Infrastructure Equity team before going on to head the business and was promoted in 2022 as an MD.

He led some of BII’s landmark infrastructure investments, most notably overseeing BII’s joint venture with DP World; supporting the expansion and modernisation of ports and inland logistics in Africa, to accelerate the continent’s potential in becoming a global trading powerhouse.

ALSO READ: BII, African Guarantee Fund sign $75 million Programme to Fund SMEs

He also sits on the board of key BII investments including Globeleq, a key player in unlocking Africa’s renewable potential and Gridworks, a pioneering development company he helped set up, that invests in Africa’s electricity transmission and distribution networks.

Prior to joining BII, Chijiutomi was a founding partner of a West Africa-focused Infra Fund based in Nigeria, where he oversaw investments in projects across the energy, water, wastewater, and transport sectors.  He has accumulated over 20 years of experience across Europe and Africa and is well-placed in the new role at BII to build on the DFI’s strong footprint across Africa as well as strengthen relationships with its investees, investors, governments and other stakeholders.

Chris Chijiutomi ’s appointment comes as BII implements its five-year strategy, committed to channelling 30 per cent of its total new commitments to climate finance and 25 per cent to gender finance.

As part of his new function, Chijiutomi will build on the next phase of the strategy – facilitating investments to support African countries on the pathway to net zero as well as leading the DFI’s efforts to drive inclusive growth, create partnerships with locally-owned businesses and increase investment in early-stage ventures.

Commenting on his new role, Chris Chijiutomi said: “I am delighted to take on this new opportunity as BII’s MD, Head of Africa, during this critical time as the continent is facing serious economic challenges exacerbated by global economic shocks, climate change, and rising inflation. I am keen to collaborate and work closely with our private sector partners and financial institutions to navigate the current challenges and increase investment to back the growth of African economies and industries.”

Chijiutomi will report directly to BII’s CEO Nick O’Donohoe, who said: “I am pleased to appoint Chris Chijiutomi as our new MD, Head of Africa. Chris’ appointment will allow us to continue to deepen our footprint across the continent, and leverage BII’s 75-year legacy in Africa to execute our strategic objectives of investing for productive, sustainable, and inclusive growth. I am confident that Chris’ extensive investment and leadership experience will be a key asset in maintaining BII’s reputation as one of the leading impact and private sector investors in Africa.  

Chris Chijiutomi is a British-Nigerian national, a Chartered Engineer and holds an MEng in Chemical and Process Engineering from the University of Surrey.

CDC Group, which is soon to be renamed British International Investment (BII), said it had invested close to £2.2 billion in total in African businesses in 2020 and 2021, despite the unprecedented upheaval caused by the Covid pandemic.

Nick O’Donohoe, chief executive of CDC/BII, said: “I am delighted that we exceeded the ambitious target we set at the Africa Investment Summit held in London in 2020. This was during a period when CDC rapidly pivoted to support our portfolio and mitigate the economic fallout of the pandemic in the countries in which we invest. The role of DFIs such as CDC was vital in supporting vulnerable countries that did not have the financial reserves to protect their economies.”

“Moving forward, British International Investment intends to invest between £1.5 and £2 billion per annum between 2022 and 2026 to support the UK government’s Clean Green Initiative and to create productive, sustainable and inclusive economies in Africa, parts of Asia and the Caribbean.”

Last year saw CDC/BII make its largest ever deal in Africa – a partnership with DP World worth up to $1.7 billion – to significantly boost the continent’s ability to trade globally by expanding its port capacity.

Other key investments include Liquid Telecom, that is building a pan-African fibre-optic network, and in the Global Partnership for Ethiopia, a consortium led by Vodafone to build a new, world class mobile network in Ethiopia.

Investing in clean infrastructure will be central to BII’s strategy over the next five year period. At least 30 per cent of total investment by value will go into climate finance.

Among the major clean infrastructure investments made in Africa by the company over the last strategy period was a $100 million (£75.5 million) commitment to the Nachtigal Hydro Power in Cameroon, $50 million (£36.8 million) for the Malindi Solar Project in Kenya [which became operational recently] and $50 million (£36.8 million) for ACWA Power in South Africa.

Speaking today at the 2022 Africa Investment Conference, Chris Chijiutomi, director and head of Infrastructure Equity, Africa and Pakistan, at CDC/BII, said: “Clean infrastructure investment for British International Investment will go beyond renewables. Clean water provision, forestry and agritech, for example, will become increasingly important moving forward.

“We also continue to power Africa’s growth through our investee company Globeleq which last year succeeded in securing 1.4GW of wind and solar projects in South Africa.”

In addition to investing in utility scale projects, BII will prioritise technology-backed Venture Capital opportunities in smaller businesses that have the potential to deliver innovative, local solutions to mitigate the impacts caused by the climate crisis.