In the second quarter of 2024, Nigeria’s unemployment rate reduced to 4.3% from 5.3% in Q1, as reported by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).
This revealed a marginal increase of 0.1% points compared to the same period last year.
The latest data, derived from the Nigeria Labour Force Survey (NLFS), revealed contrasting trends in unemployment across demographics, regions, and educational backgrounds.
Men recorded a lower unemployment rate of 3.4%, while women faced a higher rate of 5.1%, disclosing gender disparities in job accessibility.
Urban centres were hit harder than rural areas, with unemployment in cities rising to 5.2% compared to a much lower 2.8% in rural regions.
These differences point to the role of agriculture and informal sectors in rural employment, while urban areas continue to struggle with higher reliance on formal job markets.
Youth unemployment, specifically among individuals aged 15 to 24, showed improvement, dropping to 6.5% from 8.4% in the first quarter of 2024. This decline implies some success in initiatives aimed at addressing youth joblessness, although challenges remain in sustaining this progress.
Education and Employment Trends
Nigeria’s unemployment rate also varied significantly by educational attainment. Individuals with upper secondary education faced the highest unemployment at 8.5%, followed by those with lower secondary education at 5.8%.
Surprisingly, those with only primary education recorded the lowest unemployment rate at 2.8%, suggesting that skill mismatches in the job market might be a factor.
On the other hand, those with post-secondary education fared better, with a comparatively lower unemployment rate of 4.8%. This trend reinforces the importance of tailoring education to meet labour market demands.
Labour Market Dynamics
The labour force participation rate—a measure of the working-age population actively engaged in the labour market—rose to 79.5% in Q2 2024.
Rural areas led this metric with an 83.2% participation rate, compared to 77.2% in urban areas. Gender disparities were minimal, with male participation at 79.9% and female participation at 79.1%.
The employment-to-population ratio also saw an increase, climbing to 76.1% from 73.1% in Q1 2024. Rural areas again outperformed urban centres in this metric, with employment rates of 80.8% and 73.2%, respectively.
Self-Employment Remains Dominant
Self-employment accounted for an overwhelming 85.6% of total employment, up from 84% in Q1 2023 — informal work in Nigeria’s economy tops.
The rural self-employment rate stood at 94.3%, compared to 79.7% in urban areas. Women were more likely to be self-employed, with a rate of 88.3% compared to 82.2% for men.
Meanwhile, the share of employees in the labour force declined to 14.4%, emphasising the limited availability of formal employment opportunities.
While the slight increase in unemployment is a challenge, improvements in youth employment and labour force participation provide a silver lining.
However, the continuous gender gap and urban-rural disparities call for targeted interventions to create a more equitable labour market.
The reign of self-employment and informal work points to the urgent need to expand formal job opportunities to stabilise Nigeria’s workforce and drive sustainable economic growth.
Also, ensuring education and training align with market needs will be necessary in tackling unemployment and enabling long-term progress.
